IslamicPhilosophyandScience

__Brief History:__
====During 1400-1500 A.D., Islam was under the ruling of the Ottaman Empire. In early 1400 A.D., the Ottaman Empire expanded after the fall of Constantinople, which was the surrendering and seizing of the capital city of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire was strong but since they fought many crucades and civil wars, this lead to their easy defeat. The Ottaman Empire defeated the Byzantine Empire in two months, which ended in May 29,1453. The Ottoman Empire was a Muslim state and ruled mostly the Middle East from 1299 A.D. to 1922 A.D.====

__Islamic Philosophy:__
====Islamic Philosophy is closely related to Greek philosophy even though the connection can be overstated. Many questions have been asked since the beginning of Islam, because these questions could not be answered directly from the Qur'an. The Qur'an is the Islamic culture's bible, the Qur'an refers to Allah as their god and his prophet Muhammad. In many of the Muslims conquests, it brought them in contact with people that practiced Christianity, Judaism and Greek culture. Many of these Muslim rulers wanted to understand and practice the Greek knowledge. Their understanding of Greek knowledge and practices, influenced Islamic Philosophy. Neoplatonism played a big part in the philosophy of Islamic culture. Neoplatonism is basically the study of religious and mystical philosophy, based on Plato the Greek god of philosophy and math.====

Plato and Aristotle were the two main philosophers that many rulers followed in their everyday lives.
====The rulers also based their decisions and main thoughts on many of Plato's and Aristotle's ethics. Aristotle was a student of Plato and followed in his footsteps. The Muslim rulers used logic from Aristotle, Socrates and spiritual nature of Plato. Aristotle suggested that the world is eternal, which contradicted the Qur'an, that God created the world out of nothing. The main concern was that Islamic rulers and people were too into following Plato and Aristotle's teachings, that they turned their backs on the teachings of the Qur'an. The Islamic people eventually found a way from the Greek teaching and made changes to follow the Qur'an. They were also able to integrate some teaching of Plato and Aristotle.====

__Math and Science:__
====Since many people followed the logic of Plato and Aristotle, the Islamic people were very interested in math and science. Many people studied Astronomy, Astrophysics, Physics, Architecture, Engineering and Urban Planning.====

During the 1400-1500 time period:
 * In the 1400's mathematicians Ibn al-Banna and al-Qalasadi started and worked with symbols for math. [[image:http://ts4.mm.bing.net/images/thumbnail.aspx?q=1146988076771&id=4fdd72a155100fde5edbb92904af6ce1 width="149" height="171" align="right" link="http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkId86l5OsAMA0j.JzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dastromomy%2Bpics%26n%3D30%26ei%3Dutf-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-420-s%26b%3D1%26tab%3Dorganic&w=504&h=578&imgurl=www.oglethorpe.edu%2Ffaculty%2F%7Em_rulison%2FAstronomy%2FDictionary%2FAstronomy_files%2Fastron.gif&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oglethorpe.edu%2Ffaculty%2F%7Em_rulison%2FAstronomy%2FDictionary%2FAstronomy.htm&size=182.3+KB&name=Astronomy&p=astromomy+pics&oid=181488e4c84689e055d8231f10828d56&fr2=&fr=yfp-t-420-s&rw=astronomy+pics&tt=Astronomy&b=0&ni=30&no=6&tab=organic&sigr=12focmqqs&sigb=13ao31f57&sigi=12lkcm8uo&.crumb=GDT8/5gy/YA"]]


 * From 1400-1429 astronomer and mathematician Jamshid al-Kashi was the first to use the decimal point and was able to work it into Arabic numerals. He wrote four books that consisted of Key of Arithmetics, Discoveries in mathematics and The Decimal point and The benefits of Zero.


 * In 1400-1474 astronomer/astrophysics/physics/mathematician Ali al-Qushji rejected Aristotle's physics and identified the difference from natural philosophy to Islamic astronomy. He questioned and explored alternative ways to Aristotle's teachings. For example, he explored the idea that the Earth was moving not stationery like Aristotle's teachings told.


 * The years 1406-1409 astronomer Jamshid al-Kashi calcuated and watched the solar eclipses.


 * In 1411 mathematician Al-Kashi writes Compendium of Science of Astronomy.


 * In 1424 mathematician Al-Kashi writes Treatise on the Circumference, which is the paper of pi to 16 decimal places.


 * In 1427 mathematician Al- Kashi finishes The Key to Arithmetic. It contains his work on decimal fractions, algebraic methods, geometric and also textbooks of medieval literature.


 * In 1437 mathematician/astronomer Ulugh Beg published his star catalogue called the Zij-i-Sultani. [[image:http://ts3.mm.bing.net/images/thumbnail.aspx?q=1077232796110&id=a11b4f48f84e8c10561c51fa5d5cf183 width="149" height="149" align="right" link="http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkId86l5OsAMA5D.JzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1n?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dastromomy%2Bpics%26n%3D30%26ei%3Dutf-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-420-s%26b%3D1%26tab%3Dorganic&w=1500&h=1500&imgurl=faculty.lacitycollege.edu%2Fgoodmatm%2FM31_10x10min_-15_E130_LRGB2-large.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.lacitycollege.edu%2Fgoodmatm%2Fastronomy.htm&size=443.6+KB&name=Astronomy+AstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy+Sites+...&p=astromomy+pics&oid=2123b04af26c549e792de5d72abf0e58&fr2=&fr=yfp-t-420-s&rw=astronomy+pics&tt=Astronomy+AstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy+Sites+...&b=0&ni=30&no=24&tab=organic&sigr=11nd5co5n&sigb=13ao31f57&sigi=1282n5t2s&.crumb=GDT8/5gy/YA"]]


 * In the 1500's, this is where the architecture, engineering and urban planning came into Islamic society. The most popular skyscraper was built at this time, called the city of Shibam. It's purpose was to be occupied by families, the Shibam had 500 house that were from about 5 to 9 stories high.

__References:__
Electronic: [|http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Key+moments+of+Islamic+civiliztion-a087424385] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] Print: National Geographic Visual History of the World- Foreword By Douglas G. Brinkley-2005