Foundations+Theme+1

// Interactions between Humans and The Enviornment: // = = // Foundations Period //

//** Migration **// The first humans migrated out of Africa about 1.8 million years ago. Modern humans, Homo sapiens evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago and reached the Near East, Australia about 40,000 years ago. Then reached territory in Europe around 40,000 years ago and replaced the Neanderthal population. East Asia was reached about 30,000 years then from there they migrated to [|North and South America.]

The reason Homo sapiens migrated from Africa was because of the climate in the region. The people that migrated from Asia was because they would follow herds of wild game. There they migrated from the north to the south.



// Technology //
==== Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history but approximately 50.000 years ago a complete set of behaviors and tool use emerged. Early humans have been using stone and other tools since before the emergence of Homo sapiens. Some of the earliest methods of stone tool making known as the Oidowan “industry” date back to 2.5 million years ago. The discovery and utilization of fire a simple energy source with many profound uses was a turning point in the technological evolution of ==== ==== humankind. Evidence of burnt animal bones at the Cradle of humankind suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1,000,000 BC. Fire, fueled with wood and charcoal allowed early humans to cook their food increase its digestibility, improving its nutrients value and broadcasting the number of foods that could be eaten. Clothing, Ceramics, and animal domestication where other innovations made by early humans. After 10,000 B.C.E the innovation of agriculture, metal working, and the wheel gave way to early civilizations. ====

Some like The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines, such as the ramp to help them build. The Indus Valley Civilization noted to have city planning and sanitation technologies. Proof also suggests that ancient india had a good understanding of materials engineering, hydrology, and sanitation.

The Chinese were responsible for numerous technological advancements like paper, suspension bridge, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, gun powder, and sesmologi tecknologis.

==== [|The early romans improved on a huge number of inventions]. The romans built things to last and were credited with the invention of Cement, arch architecture, and aquaducts. ====

// Demography and disease //
==== The foundation era had changes in their demographic status because of the [|discovery of agriculture]. There was a boost in population and human innovation had occurred. They had created pottery, metal working and textile production. They Continued working on sedentary agriculture instead of shifting cultivation and nomadic pastoralism. Not all changes were good because they introduced disease. One of the causes of disease was irrigation and domestication of animals. This was bad because they were watering naturally dry and hot land and that created water-borne parasites like the blood fluke that causes Schistosomiasis which affected the liver or lungs. The domestication of animals was because of the frequent contact with them, diseases the animals carried often mutated into forms that were deadly to humans. There are at least 26 diseases we share with poultry, 35 with cattle, 42 with pigs, 46 with sheep and goats, 50 with horses, 65 with dogs, and even 32 with rats and mice who typically live in close proximity with humans. The first outbreaks of any of these diseases were often catastrophic, since people had no prior exposure to them and thus had no chance to develop immunities. Later the plague in 600 B.C. contributed to the decline of Grecce´s golden age. Because people did not know about germs, they thought that angered gods or evil spirits caused illness and disease. They tried to appease the spirits through religious ceremonies. In prehistoric times such superstitious beliefs resulted in the first "medical" procedure, which involved drilling a hole into the patient's skull. This practice was believed to allow evil spirits to escape the body and thereby rid the body of sickness. Like most people living in ancient times, the Roman had a short life expectancy due to all the diseases like malaria (Plasmodium Falciparium, the most dangerous form), tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and certain digestive ailments like gastroenteritis. The most deadly diseases to which Rome’s population routinely succumbed were affected by temperature in particular the most lethal form of malaria These which were rendered lethal form a general weakness of the body due to malarial attacks. Diseases were common, and medical knowledge was limited .====